Before you read this post, I suggest that you read posts 18.28 and 19.2. In post 18.28, we saw how to use the ideal gas equation to predict the osmotic pressure, π, from its molarity, CM (post 17.48). The ideal gas equation predicts that the osmotic pressure could be calculated using the equation π =… Continue reading 19.3 Real solutions

Before you read this, I suggest you read post 18.25. In post 18.25, we saw that for most gases, under most conditions, the pressure, p, and volume, V, of n moles (post 17.48) a gas were related to its temperature, T (on the Kelvin scale, post 16.34) by the equation pV = nRT where R… Continue reading 19.2 Real gases

Water often has ions dissolved in it: post 16.39 explains why and gives more information on ions. Two common ions found in drinking water are calcium ions (Ca2+) and magnesium ions (Mg2+). When these ions interact with soap, they form a soft, insoluble deposit called scum. Water that forms scum, in this way, is called… Continue reading 19.1 Hard water